import pickle, json, csv, os, shutilclass PersistentDict(dict):    ''' Persistent dictionary with an API compatible with shelve and anydbm.    The dict is kept in memory, so the dictionary operations run as fast as    a regular dictionary.    Write to disk is delayed until close or sync (similar to gdbm's fast mode).    Input file format is automatically discovered.    Output file format is selectable between pickle, json, and csv.    All three serialization formats are backed by fast C implementations.    '''    def __init__(self, filename, flag='c', mode=None, format='pickle', *args, **kwds):        self.flag = flag                    # r=readonly, c=create, or n=new        self.mode = mode                    # None or an octal triple like 0644        self.format = format                # 'csv', 'json', or 'pickle'        self.filename = filename        if flag != 'n' and os.access(filename, os.R_OK):            fileobj = open(filename, 'rb' if format=='pickle' else 'r')            with fileobj:                self.load(fileobj)        dict.__init__(self, *args, **kwds)    def sync(self):        'Write dict to disk'        if self.flag == 'r':            return        filename = self.filename        tempname = filename + '.tmp'        fileobj = open(tempname, 'wb' if self.format=='pickle' else 'w')        try:            self.dump(fileobj)        except Exception:            os.remove(tempname)            raise        finally:            fileobj.close()        shutil.move(tempname, self.filename)    # atomic commit        if self.mode is not None:            os.chmod(self.filename, self.mode)    def close(self):        self.sync()    def __enter__(self):        return self    def __exit__(self, *exc_info):        self.close()    def dump(self, fileobj):        if self.format == 'csv':            csv.writer(fileobj).writerows(self.items())        elif self.format == 'json':            json.dump(self, fileobj, separators=(',', ':'))        elif self.format == 'pickle':            pickle.dump(dict(self), fileobj, 2)        else:            raise NotImplementedError('Unknown format: ' + repr(self.format))    def load(self, fileobj):        # try formats from most restrictive to least restrictive        for loader in (pickle.load, json.load, csv.reader):            fileobj.seek(0)            try:                return self.update(loader(fileobj))            except Exception:                pass        raise ValueError('File not in a supported format')if __name__ == '__main__':    import random    # Make and use a persistent dictionary    with PersistentDict('/tmp/demo.json', 'c', format='json') as d:        print(d, 'start')        d['abc'] = '123'        d['rand'] = random.randrange(10000)        print(d, 'updated')    # Show what the file looks like on disk    with open('/tmp/demo.json', 'rb') as f:        print(f.read())